| Chapter I: Defensible Space Principles |
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| Fig.
I-1: Overall view of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis |
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| Fig.
I-2: Architect's vision of communal corridor |
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| Fig.
I-3: Actual 3rd floor communal corridor of Pruitt-Igoe |
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| Fig.
I-4: Vandalism in Pruitt-Igoe |
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| Fig.
I-5: Pruitt-Igoe in the process of being torn down |
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| Fig.
I-6: Carr Square Village |
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| Fig.
I-7: Graph of increase in crime with building height |
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| Fig.
I-8: Aerial view of typical closed streets in St. Louis |
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| Fig.
I-9: Single-family houses and the nature of spaces |
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| Fig.
I-10: Walk-up buildings and the nature of spaces |
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| Fig.
I-11: The elevator high-rise and the nature of spaces |
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| Fig.
I-12: A four city-block row-house development |
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| Fig.
I-13: A four-city-block garden apartment development |
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| Fig.
I-14: A four-city-block high-rise development |
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| Fig.
I-15: A high-rise and walk-up built at the same density |
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| Fig.
I-16: Comparison of two walkups subdivided differently |
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| Fig.
I-17: Crime rates by social and physical variables |
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| Fig.
I-18: Variations in crime rate by socio-economic groups |
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| Chapter II: Creating Mini-neighborhoods in Urban
Residential Areas: The Five Oaks Community, Dayton, OH |
| Fig. II-1: Map locating Five Oaks and downtown Dayton |
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| Fig. II-2: Typical street in Five Oaks |
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| Fig. II-3: Deteriorated two-story walk-up in Five Oaks |
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| Fig. II-4: Street in Five Oaks with various building types |
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| Fig. II-5: Map of Five Oaks' internal streets and boundaries |
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| Fig. II-6: Map of Five Oaks showing percent renters |
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| Fig. II-7: Map of Five Oaks showing percent black renters |
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| Fig. II-8: Map of Five Oaks showing percent vacancies |
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| Fig.
II-9: Greek cross plan for ideal mini-neighborhood |
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| Fig. II-10: Overly large cul-de-sac layout |
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| Fig.
II-11: Schematic showing ideal access to mini-neighborhoods |
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| Fig. II-12: Mini-neighborhood boundaries of Five Oaks |
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| Fig. II-13: Five Oaks showing location of gates and entries |
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| Fig. II-14: Hammer-head turn at end of street |
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| Fig. II-15: Proposed portal markers for mini-neighborhoods |
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| Fig. II-16: Actual position of portals as installed |
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| Fig, II-17: Proposed gates defining mini-neighborhoods |
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| Fig. II-18: Gates as actually installed |
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| Fig. II-19: Gates closing off rear alley |
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| Fig. II-20: Residents making improvements to their homes |
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| Fig. II-21: Renter and home-owner children playing together |
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Chapter III: Modifications to Row-House Developments:
The Clason Point Experiment |
| Fig. III-1: Clason Point from street before modifications |
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| Fig. III-2: Interior grounds before modifications |
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| Fig. III-3: Composite of fear maps produced by residents |
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| Fig. III-4: Six-foot fencing defines collective rear yards |
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| Fig. III-5: Collective front yards defined by new curbing |
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| Fig. III-5a: Vandalized tiles and mailboxes in a high-rise |
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| Fig. III-6: Small play nodes |
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| Fig. III-7: Wall of sample surfaces |
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| Fig. III-8: The Central Area before modifications |
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| Fig. III-9: Plan for the conversion of the Central Area |
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| Fig.
III-10: The Central Area as modified |
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| Fig. III-11: Revised plan of Clason Point |
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| Fig. III-12: Internal walk at Clason Point before modifications |
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| Fig. III-13: Internal walk after modifications |
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| Fig. III-14: Before and after photographs Clason Point |
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| Fig. III-15: Residents' response to six-foot fencing |
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| Fig. III-16: Vandalism of play equipment in the Central Area |
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| Fig. III-17: Play node for young children |
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| Fig.
III-18: Aerial view of a small portion of Clason Point |
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| Chapter IV: Dispersed, Scattered-site Public
Housing: Yonkers, NY |
| Fig. IV-1: Map showing concentration of public housing |
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| Fig. IV-2: The School Street project in Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-3: Map locating Yonkers relative to New York City |
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| Fig. IV-4: Aerial view of east Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-5: The Schlobohm project in Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-6: The Mulford Gardens project in Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-7: Typical site plan for a 12 unit site |
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| Fig.
IV-8: Typical site plan for a 24 unit site |
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| Fig. IV-9: Typical site plan for a 48 unit site |
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| Fig.
IV-10: Street facade of cluster of five row-house units |
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| Fig. IV-11 Fencing-off of the rear yards in the Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-12: Typical garbage dumpster serving public housing |
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| Fig. IV-13 Individual garbage cans along the walks |
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| Fig. IV-14 Completed scattered-site units in Yonkers |
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| Fig. IV-15: Residents' initial improvements to front yards |
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| Fig. IV-16: Residents' later improvements to front yards |
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| Fig. IV-17: Residents' later improvements to rear yards |
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